As a result of the deal, annexation was postponed. Along with a mutual opposition to Iran, the concerns detailed by Otaiba's op-ed and planning with Kushner and Berkowitz helped bring vested parties to the negotiating table to identify an alternative solution that ultimately resulted in a normalization agreement reached in August 2020. On July 2, 2020, Otaiba met with Berkowitz to further discuss an alternative plan to annexation. Berkowitz proposed an alternative to annexation in the meetings: normalization with the United Arab Emirates. The White House had reservations about annexation, as well, which Berkowitz discussed with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in meetings in Israel over three days in late June 2020. Otaiba's op-ed was addressed to the Israeli public and published on the front page of Yedioth Ahronoth. Yousef Al-Otaiba authored an op-ed in an effort to halt Israel's planned annexation of West Bank territory. ![]() On June 12, 2020, Emirati ambassador to the U.S. ![]() A component of the plan envisioned applying Israeli law to, or annexation of, roughly 30% of the West Bank. On January 28, 2020, the Trump administration unveiled its Israeli–Palestinian peace proposal in a ceremony at the White House. Background Signatory nations of the Septemagreements ![]() On November 2, 2023, in view of the ongoing Israel–Hamas war, Bahrain said in a statement that the Israeli ambassador left Bahrain, that Bahrain recalled its ambassador to Israel, and suspended all economic relations with Israel, citing a "solid and historical stance that supports the Palestinian cause and the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people." The statement was made by Bahrain's parliament and Israel said they had no knowledge of the decision. As of February 2023, negotiations with the Sudanese government on full normalization with Israel are ongoing. Although Sudan signed the declarative section of the agreement, it did not sign the corresponding document with Israel, unlike the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain. Though the process of full normalization is ongoing, the United States has incentivized the deal by agreeing to abolish Sudan's status as a " State Sponsor of Terrorism" while also providing a loan of US$1.2 billion to help the Sudanese government clear the country's debts to the World Bank. On January 6, 2021, following up on the Israel–Sudan normalization agreement (signed in October 2020), the government of Sudan signed the "Abraham Accords Declaration" in Khartoum, witnessed by American treasury secretary Steven Mnuchin. In exchange for Morocco's recognition of Israeli sovereignty, the United States recognized Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara. On December 22, 2020, the Israel–Morocco normalization agreement was signed. The name of the Abraham Accords is rooted in the common belief of the Abrahamic religions - particularly Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - regarding the role of Abraham as a spiritual patriarch. The official long-form document titles of the separate agreements for the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain were, respectively: Abraham Accords Peace Agreement: Treaty of Peace, Diplomatic Relations and Full Normalization Between the United Arab Emirates and the State of Israel and Abraham Accords: Declaration of Peace, Cooperation, and Constructive Diplomatic and Friendly Relations. They were negotiated by Trump's son-in-law and senior advisor Jared Kushner and Kushner's assistant Avi Berkowitz. The Abraham Accords were signed by Bahraini foreign minister Abdullatif bin Rashid Al-Zayani and Emirati foreign minister Abdullah bin Zayed Al-Nahyan vis-à-vis Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu, with American president Donald Trump as a witness. ![]() Israel's initial agreement with the United Arab Emirates marked the first instance of Israel establishing diplomatic relations with an Arab country since 1994, when the Israel–Jordan peace treaty came into effect. As part of the dual agreements, both the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain recognized Israel's sovereignty, enabling the establishment of full diplomatic relations. On September 15, 2020, the official signing ceremony for the first iteration of the Abraham Accords was hosted by the Trump administration at the White House. Mediated by the United States, the initial announcement of August 13, 2020, concerned only Israel and the United Arab Emirates before the announcement of a follow-up agreement between Israel and Bahrain on September 11, 2020. The Abraham Accords are bilateral agreements on Arab–Israeli normalization signed between Israel and the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain on September 15, 2020.
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